Understanding convolution is the biggest test DSP learners face. After knowing about what a system is, its types and its impulse response, one wonders if there is any method through which an output signal of a system can be determined for a given input signal. Convolution is the answer to that question, provided that the system is linear and time-invariant (LTI). We start with real signals and LTI systems with real impulse responses. The case of complex signals and systems will be discussed later. Convolution of Real Signals Assume that we have an arbitrary signal $s[n]$. Then, $s[n]$ can be
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