5G NR standard supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes in massive MIMO systems. For
Continue reading
Category: Wireless/SDR
Wireless communications and Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Small-Scale Fading in a Wireless Channel
Small-scale fading is a phenomenon that arises due to the unguided nature of the wireless medium. Dramatic variations in signal
Continue reading
Costas Loop for Carrier Phase Synchronization
Costas loop is a carrier phase synchronization solution devised by John Costas at General Electric Company in 1956 [1]. It
Continue readingEarly-Late Bit Synchronizer in Digital Communication
In an article on Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for symbol timing recovery, we described an intuitive view of a maximum
Continue reading
The Big Picture of Localization
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) enables us to find the range of a device transmitting a wireless signal with a particular
Continue reading