Beamforming Archives | Page 2 of 2

Diversity implies two or more independent replicas of the same information

November 2, 2021 Wireless/SDR

Multiple Antenna Techniques

When computing approaches the physical limits of clocking speeds, we turn towards multi-core architectures. When communication approaches the physical limits of transmission speeds, we turn towards multi-antenna systems. What exactly are the benefits that led to scientists and engineers choosing multiple antennas as the foundation of 4G and 5G PHY layers? While having spatial diversity was the original incentive for adding antennas at the base stations, it was discovered in mid 1990s that multiple antennas at Tx and/or Rx sides open up other possibilities not foreseen in single antenna systems. Let us now describe three main techniques in this context.

December 9, 2021 Wireless/SDR

What is the Difference between Analog, Digital and Hybrid Beamforming?

Beamforming is one of the most practical solutions to overcome higher path loss and atmospheric attenuation in mmWave bands. How it is implemented is a matter of great interest to RF industry due to the conflicting requirements of efficiency and flexibility. In a tradeoff between cost, size and complexity, analog beamforming is combined with digital beamforming to give rise to a hybrid solution, an architecture of choice in current 5G mmWave systems. Nevertheless, digital beamforming is inevitably the direction of future and it is only a matter of time before it will be used in 5G networks in high bands

Channel hardening implies the channel flutucations due to small-scale fading smooth out

December 3, 2021 Wireless/SDR

On Massive MIMO, Channel Hardening and Favorable Propagation

Imagine an alien race looking at our planet from outside the solar system through a lens of time. They will notice one unmistakable direction. Our pursuit of MORE in everything. This tendency might be ingrained in the fundamental idea of life itself. To live is to grow. While our dreams for faster transportation face mechanical roadblocks from the laws of physics, technologies for faster communication are only bound by the laws of electromagnetics. Ever since we linked digital electronics to information exchange from one point to another without any physical medium, on-demand reception and transmission of data at any place

Frequency domain beamforming implements a procedure for broadband signals that resembles the conventional narrowband beamformers

November 15, 2021 Wireless/SDR

Beamforming for Broadband Signals

Recall that classical or physical beamforming is based on calculating the differences in wave arrival times of a signal between antenna array elements and compensating for these delays through signal processing techniques that steer the beams in any desired direction. There are two main candidates for this purpose: Phase shifting and True Time Delays (TTD). We saw in that article on beamforming that phase shifts implemented through a set of complex multipliers are incapable of beamforming over the entire bandwidth of a signal. Why? The intuitive reason is clear from a signal level view. In the narrowband scenario, the same