Intuitive Guide Archives

Theory of relativity and age of planet Earth

May 19, 2024 DSP / Localization

The Easiest Tutorial on Kalman Filter

Kalman filter is one of the most important but not so well explained filter in the field of statistical signal processing. As far as its importance is concerned, it has seen a phenomenal rise since its discovery in 1960. One of the major factors behind this is its role of fusing estimates in time and space in an information-rich world. For example, position awareness is not limited to radars and self driving vehicles anymore but instead has become an integral component in proper operation of industrial control, robotics, precision agriculture, drones and augmented reality. Kalman filter plays a major role

March 23, 2025 DSP / Wireless/SDR

Two Birds with One Tone: I/Q Signals and Fourier Transform – Part 1

When a new member arrives at the Signal Processing Club, this is what they find at the club gate: I/Q signals. Perhaps a secret plot to keep most people out of the party? Some return from here to try another area (e.g., machine learning, which pays more and is easier to understand but less interesting than signal processing). Others persist enough to push the gate open for implementation purposes (even a little understanding is sufficient for this task) but never fully grasp the main idea. So what exactly makes this topic so mysterious? To investigate the answer, we start with

May 28, 2025 DSP / Wireless/SDR

Two Birds with One Tone: I/Q Signals and Fourier Transform – Part 2

In Part 1 of I/Q signals series, we saw the implications of orthogonality in amplitude and phase shift. This led to our treatment of signals as two dimensional complex numbers in time I/Q plane. Now we talk about orthogonality in frequency, how it gives rise to a different I/Q plane and see its implications in signal processing applications. Let us start with a new perspective that will lift more veils from the I/Q puzzle. A Basic Building Block Humans use the power of logic to uncover the rules according to which the world works. But our minds struggle to retain

Spectrum of the cascade of CIC filters with a wideband compensation filter for rate change factor 10, unit differential delay and 4 stages

November 24, 2022 DSP / Wireless/SDR

Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) Filters – A Staircase of DSP

In olden days, people used to have lots of kids. A famous Urdu satirist once wrote: "It has been observed that the last kid is usually the most mischievous of them all. Therefore, there should be no last kid in a family!" I remembered this line today because I have observed that starting a write-up is the most difficult task of them all. Therefore, there is no introductory paragraph in this article. Suffice it to say that this is the only topic I have found that takes you from a very small first step (just two additions) to really advanced

June 6, 2022 Machine Learning

An Intuitive Guide to Linear Regression

We have described before how supervised learning can help us predict a continuous-valued output or organize the input into discrete categories, commonly known as regression and classification problems, respectively. In this article, we describe linear regression and leave the classification algorithms for a future post. What is Linear Regression? Suppose that you are a young investor living in a region with cold climate. One day an idea flashes in your mind that perhaps the shares in the regional stock market climb linearly with the temperature: the better the weather, the higher the prices. You already know what the temperature is