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Tag: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

A description of a real space-time code
March 8, 2021 Wireless/SDR

Understanding Space-Time Codes: Alamouti Scheme

In major cellular and wireless networks today, space diversity is employed with the help of multiple Tx antennas and/or multiple

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QAM constellation diagrams for M = 4, 16 and 64
September 19, 2022 Wireless/SDR

QAM Constellations in Digital Communication Standards

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is one of the most spectrally efficient modulation schemes. This is why it is used in

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(Top) An 8-PSK waveform. (Bottom) Two constellation diagrams: one at the Tx shown by thick red lines and the other at the Rx for a phase offset of 17 degrees shown by dotted purple lines
December 8, 2020 DSP

I/Q Signals 101: Neither Complex Nor Complicated

There was a recent discussion on GNU Radio mailing list in regards to the simplest possible intuition behind I/Q signals.

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Scatter plot for a QPSK signal after filtering through a channel
January 24, 2022 Wireless/SDR

An Introduction to Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)

In many kinds of equalizers such as maximum likelihood sequence estimation, the channel response is available at the Rx through

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A block diagram for the implementation of the feedforward phase estimator
September 24, 2019 Wireless/SDR

How to Estimate the Carrier Phase

In this article, I will describe how to estimate the carrier phase from an incoming waveform in a feedforward manner.

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5G Physical Layer - An Easy Guide to Key Technologies
Learn about 5G physical layer through great visualizations, simple maths and intuitive explanations
A wireless channel with speakers and microphone
Send and receive wireless signals over the air without expensive SDR hardware through a speaker (Tx) and a microphone (Rx)

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