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Tag: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

A description of a real space-time code
March 8, 2021 Wireless/SDR

Understanding Space-Time Codes: Alamouti Scheme

In major cellular and wireless networks today, space diversity is employed with the help of multiple Tx antennas and/or multiple

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(Top) An 8-PSK waveform. (Bottom) Two constellation diagrams: one at the Tx shown by thick red lines and the other at the Rx for a phase offset of 17 degrees shown by dotted purple lines
December 8, 2020 DSP

I/Q Signals 101: Neither Complex Nor Complicated

There was a recent discussion on GNU Radio mailing list in regards to the simplest possible intuition behind I/Q signals.

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Scatter plot for a QPSK signal after filtering through a channel
January 24, 2022 Wireless/SDR

An Introduction to Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)

In many kinds of equalizers such as maximum likelihood sequence estimation, the channel response is available at the Rx through

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A block diagram for the implementation of the feedforward phase estimator
September 24, 2019 Wireless/SDR

How to Estimate the Carrier Phase

In this article, I will describe how to estimate the carrier phase from an incoming waveform in a feedforward manner.

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Three different cases for carrier frequency offset
May 17, 2017 Wireless/SDR

What is Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and How It Distorts the Rx Symbols

In Physics, frequency in units of Hz is defined as the number of cycles per unit time. Angular frequency is

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5G Physical Layer - An Easy Guide to Key Technologies
Learn about 5G physical layer through great visualizations, simple maths and intuitive explanations

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