In major cellular and wireless networks today, space diversity is employed with the help of multiple Tx antennas and/or multiple
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Tag: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
I/Q Signals 101: Neither Complex Nor Complicated
There was a recent discussion on GNU Radio mailing list in regards to the simplest possible intuition behind I/Q signals.
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An Introduction to Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)
In many kinds of equalizers such as maximum likelihood sequence estimation, the channel response is available at the Rx through
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How to Estimate the Carrier Phase
In this article, I will describe how to estimate the carrier phase from an incoming waveform in a feedforward manner.
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What is Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and How It Distorts the Rx Symbols
In Physics, frequency in units of Hz is defined as the number of cycles per unit time. Angular frequency is
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