## Pulse Shaping Filter

From the previous articles, we have seen how a Tx generates a signal from the numbers and the Rx recovers those numbers from that signal. In time domain, everything looks nice and perfect. Let us investigate the system characteristics in…

## Demodulation – From Signals Back to Numbers

Remember that in the article on correlation, we discussed that correlation of a signal with proper normalization is maximum with itself and lesser for all other signals. Since the number of possible signals is limited in a digital communication system,…

## Sampling a Continuous-Time Signal

Most signals of our interest — wireless communication waveforms — are continuous-time as they have to travel through a real wireless channel. To process such a signal using digital signal processing techniques, the signal must be converted into a sequence…

## Convoluted Correlation between Matched Filter and Correlator

Now we turn out attention towards a topic that causes a lot of confusion for communications and DSP learners: what is the difference between a matched filter and a correlator in a communications receiver? Let us start with the definition…

## Dealing with Complex Numbers

Although complex notation is not complex to understand, one of the themes of this text is to avoid complex notation altogether. A complex number is defined as an ordered pair of real numbers in $(x,y)$-plane. In that respect, complex numbers…

There are 26 letters in English language and countless rules. The language of signal processing is simpler.

- It has only 1 letter: a sample at time 0. From there, we can build any discrete-time signal on which our 1s and 0s can be mapped.

- It has one major rule which is repeatedly employed for demapping the received signal to bits.

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